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Purpose of Study: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of home births increased due to a rising perception of danger at hospitals. Social media is a way to share stories and experiences on topics including birth, and it has become a main means by which people gather information, regardless of whether it is accurate or not. While reasons for choosing home birth have been studied before, gathering this information from social media, especially considering the recent pandemic, has not yet been done. Reddit is a social media platform that includes 52 million daily users that post publicly and anonymously, thus sharing unfiltered information for anyone to see. Through a review of public posts and comments on Reddit from January 2017 through July 2022, using guidelines from previous studies, major themes on perceptions, attitudes, and advice people have about home birth were gathered. Methods Used: Search words on Reddit included home birth?, home vs. hospital birth?, home birth and covid?, home birth and birth trauma?, and home birth and trans men?. There were up to five themes per post or comment. These themes were categorized as positive (in support of home birth), negative (against home birth), or neutral. Posts had to be from the US, in English, with at least 10 comments and 10 upvotes, and from the last five years. Posts were excluded if they did not meet minimum comments and/or upvotes requirement, were explicitly from another country, were not directly related to home birth, it was not a planned home birth, it was a free birth, or they were from more than five years ago. Summary of Results: A total of 425 posts and 13,013 comments were reviewed for all search words. Out of 142 posts included, 68% were in support, 21% were against, and 11% were neutral. There were 1,384 comments included. Specific communities (subreddits?) were also searched and 36% of posts came from r/homebirth?. Supportive themes included concerns about safety in hospital delivery and reassurance about home birth safety, patient control with home deliveries, and advice about preparing for home birth. Negative themes included concerns about the risk of home birth, charges of negligence for those attempting it, reassurance that hospital birth offers women more control, and that medical interventions can be lifesaving. Conclusion(s): The results of this study will be used to help physicians recognize what women worry about hospital birth and what (mis)information they may have about home birth to better advise patients about their delivery options. This gives a voice to patients and their concerns regarding birth, which can help bridge gaps in physician-patient communication.
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As of February 2023, no case has been reported in the U.K., either in the law reports or in the media, of a victim of COVID-19 suing in tort a person or organisation alleged to have caused the victim to contract the disease. This article considers the reasons this situation might have arisen. It provisionally concludes that the main legal reasons might lie in the applicable doctrines of factual causation and goes on to discuss whether uncertainty in those doctrines should be resolved in the courts.
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Background: Due to the changing nature of the spread of emerging infectious diseases, such crises could cause significant fear, especially when the disease is associated with high mortality. Fear and anxiety adversely affect health. Objective(s): The present study aimed to investigate the fear and anxiety caused by COVID-19 in the Iranian society and the influential factors in this regard. Method(s): This correlational study was conducted on 458 participants who were recruited for an online survey. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire of COVID-19 fear and Beck's anxiety inventory. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 23 using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation) and inferential statistics, including t-test and multiple comparisons. Result(s): The prevalence of fear and anxiety was less than 20%. The correlations between the anxiety scores and fear of COVID-19 with demographic variables indicated that the COVID-19 fear scores had a weak correlation with an appeal to religion and efforts to prevent COVID-19 (P_0.05), while no correlation was observed with the other variables. In addition, the anxiety scores had weak, inverse correlations with the effort to prevent COVID-19 and satisfaction with the government's effort (P_0.05). Conclusion(s): According to the results, the fear of COVID-19 and the subsequent anxiety is mild in the Iranian society. Low anxiety and fear caused by the disease could lead to negligence and disregarding health standards, which will increase the number of these patients in the community.Copyright © 2021, Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences.
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Under normal circumstances, the medical negligence of doctors in most European (continental) states is assessed within the limits of criminal liability under the criminal laws of each state, without exception in the case of COVID-19 or another pandemic. The author raises the question of whether doctors, in the performance of their duties and in the provision of treatment services during the COVID-19 pandemic, deserve any relief from their liability due to errors or negligence in the performance of their duties that have resulted in the consequences of damage to health or life loss of patients. The article provides an analysis of the special laws created for such situations and adopted in Poland and Italy while presenting the shortcomings and advantages of such legal regulation and distinguishing the discussion issues raised by legal scholars and practitioners of the abovementioned states. The author criticises the attempt to adopt a similar legal act in Lithuania and at the same time proposes to discuss the possibility of changing the existing legal regulation and setting limits on the criminal liability of doctors during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Wastes generated in the face of COVID-19 pose enormous risks to the environment and heath. Environmental pollution from deficiencies in disposal patterns of hospital wastes may result in widespread recycling of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This paper aimed at creating awareness of the impact of inaptly disposed medical wastes on the environment;produced from managing COVID-19 leading to SARS-CoV-2 widespread recycling. Assemblage of recent and suitable literatures relating to keywords like waste disposal, medical wastes, coronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 and environmental pollution were revised/reviewed. Data suggest that factors like reduced awareness, negligence, ignorance, lack of polices among others are the chief influences contributing to improper medical wastes collection, disposal and management leading to environmental hazards. Therefore, improper disposal of medical wastes can lead to toxic environmental pollution thereby recycling SARS-CoV-2 in the face of COVID-19 management. Hence, incineration after prior disinfection remains the best management option in the prevailing coronavirus era.
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The Covid-19 pandemic has created exceptional challenges for patients and medical care systems. Among many factors influencing postponed cancer diagnosis, mask-wearing created difficulties in initial diagnosis of head and neck tumours. This report features a patient who had been covering a submandibular tumour under a surgical mask for more than 6 months. He visited his general practitioner due to a significant weight loss, but he neither took his mask off, nor was he asked to do so. When he reported to our emergency room, we noticed a massive ulcerous mass in the right submandibular region. Histological examination confirmed primary squamocellular carcinoma of submandibular salivary gland. During the Covid-19 pandemic, significant clinical observations may be missed if a surgical mask or respirator are not removed during examination with the potential for increased incidence of medical malpractice claims.
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Aim: Clinical negligence claims are relatively common within dentistry and have added to the apprehension felt by dentists, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. Previous negligence claims provide an important source of learning for other dentists through identifying contributors to claims and ways in which these may be prevented in future. This paper looks at the key contributing factors to cases using root cause analysis (RCA) and suggests measures that might be put in place to help mitigate these factors in future. Materials and Method: An RCA was undertaken of 30 negligence cases formally reported on by a single Oral Surgeon expert witness in Northern Ireland. Common contributing factors identified were stratified into groups and each factor was individually reviewed to identify potential changes to practice that may prevent similar cases in future. Results: Five key themes were identified as contributing to complaints, and included, task, patient, communication, organisational, and dentist-related factors. All cases demonstrated contributing factors from multiple themes highlighting the complexity of the work environment and that there are many areas where learning and safeguards can be implemented to reduce the risk of future cases. Conclusion: Negligence cases and complaints are increasingly a part of healthcare, and the Covid-19 pandemic is likely to have compounded this situation due to reduced capacity, access barriers, deskilling, and lack of hands-on training. There are, however, many ways to manage and mitigate common errors contributing to cases, and we hope to have been able to highlight these and suggest how they may be avoided in future cases. © 2022 British Association of Oral Surgeons and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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South Asia is one of the hot-spots of extreme heat events and associated health risks. As heat waves continue to get harsher due to climate change, South Asia's exposure to them is probably going to increase. After a heatwave in 2010, Ahmedabad implemented South Asia’s first heat action plan (HAP). The Ahmedabad HAP can serve as a model for other cities across South Asian nations interested in intervention strategies against excessive heat. In recent years, 2020 and onwards, Ahmedabad’s healthcare system faces an extreme COVID-19 crisis which resulted in severe negligence of heat wave-influenced mortality and morbidity cases. Though the city continued to disseminate the necessary information for public heat preparedness from the existing heat action plan, there was no record made separately for COVID-19 and heat stress-related mortality/morbidity by the health department. Thus, due to a lack of heat-related health records, we were unable to track the HAP intervention effect in 2022.
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The current study examined whether business owners would be found liable for an employee's illness from COVID-19 contracted at work. We varied whether there was a mask mandate at the time of the employee's exposure (Yes or No), how the employee was exposed (an unmasked customer, an unmasked owner who forgot her mask, or an unmasked owner who did not require masks in her store) and measured participants' political orientation. Participants (N = 257) read and listened to a trial transcript about an employee that contracted COVID-19 at her workplace and was suing her employer for compensation to cover hospital bills. Participants were more likely to find the defendant negligent, reckless, and responsible when a mask mandate was present and when an unmasked owner led to the employee's COVID-19 exposure compared to an unmasked customer. Furthermore, the more conservative the participant, the less likely they were to find the defendant negligent, reckless, and responsible. In sum, presence of a mask mandate, owner exposure, and juror political orientation play an important role in civil litigation involving COVID-19.
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Objetivo: Discutir como as vulnerabilidades, principalmente no que tange as desigualdades sočiais, estäo atreladas aos desastres e como elas se potencializam diante da ocorrencia dos mesmos, agravando ainda mais a situaçâo de grupos e comunidades em condiçöes de fragilidade. Referencial Teórico: O desastre do rompimento da barragem da Vale foi analisado a partir da proposta de Gestäo de Riscos de Desastres (GRD) apresentada pelo Sendai Framework, que se baseia no fortalecimento de açöes e medidas de prevençâo de desastres, bem como no aumento a preparaçâo para respostas e recuperaçâo diante de desastres que possam vir a ocorrer. Metodologia/abordagem: O método utilizado foi o estudo de caso. Foram realizadas pesquisas documentais, observaçâo participante de grupos de WhatsApp e tres entrevistas com representantes do setor público e da sociedade civil, além de sete entrevistas com cidadäos de Brumadinho. A análise de conteúdo foi a estratégia para análise dos dados. Principais resultados: A experiencia do municipio de Brumadinho demonstra como a recuperaçâo de um desastre é difícil de ser realizada e torna ainda mais vulnerável e exposta ao risco a populaçâo atingida, potencializando fragilidades e desigualdades. Implicates da pesquisa: A situaçâo da cidade mineira evidencia a construçâo processual dos desastres e como o atual modelo de desenvolvimento económico e produtivo precisa ser repensado. As criticas a gestâo do desastre e a negligencia quanto a sua prevençâo podem servir para nortear decisőes do poder público no sentido de desenvolver açöes de prevençâo e reduçâo de danos. Originalidade/valor: Estudos empíricos que discutam a relaçâo entre desastres, vulnerabilidades e desigualdades sociais sâo fundamentais para se obter uma melhor compreensâo sobre complexidade que envolve a gestâo de desastres, e, principalmente, mostrar como as desigualdades sâo potencializadas a partir da ocorrencia de eventos dessa magnitude, agravando ainda mais a situaçâo de grupos e comunidades em condiçöes de fragilidade O artigo também contribui para a literatura da área na medida em que analisa os efeitos de superposiçâo de desastres - rompimento de barragem e pandemia - na populaçâo mais vulnerável.Alternate :Objective: To discuss how vulnerabilities, especially in terms of social inequalities, are linked to disasters and how they become more potent when disasters occur, further aggravating the situation of groups and communities in fragile conditions. Theoretical framework: The Vale dam failure disaster was analyzed from the Disaster Risk Management (DRM) proposal presented by the Sendai Framework, which is based on strengthening actions and measures to prevent disasters, as well as increasing preparedness for responses and recovery from disasters that may occur. Methodology/approach: The method used was the case study. Documentary research, participant observation of WhatsApp groups, and three interviews with representatives of the public sector and civil society were conducted, as well as seven interviews with citizens of Brumadinho. Content analysis was the strategy for data analysis. Main Results: The experience of the municipality of Brumadinho demonstrates how recovery from a disaster is difficult to accomplish and makes the affected population even more vulnerable and exposed to risk, potentiating fragilities and inequalities. Implications of the research: The situation of the city in Minas Gerais highlights the processual construction of disasters and how the current model of economic and productive development needs to be rethought. The criticism of disaster management and the negligence regarding its prevention can serve to guide decisions by the public authorities to develop prevention and damage reduction actions. Originality/value: Empirical studies that discuss the relationship between disasters, vulnerabilities and social inequalities are fundamental to obtain a better understanding of the complexity involved in disaster management, and es ecially to show how inequalities are enhanced by the occurrence of events of this magnitude, further aggravating the situation of groups and communities in fragile conditions.
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Background & Objective: Every operating room has been associated with a variety of occupational hazards, but not many studies have been conducted to assess and address these hazards. We used a qualitative approach to explore operating room personnel's experiences of workplace hazards and how these hazards threaten their occupational safety and health (OSH). Methodology: This qualitative study was conducted in five teaching hospitals in the south-west of Iran from February 2019 to March 2021. The sample was 24 operating room personnel who were selected under convenient sampling technique. Data were collected using semi-structured, individual interviews, document review and non-participant observation. The collected data were analyzed according to the qualitative content analysis method using MAXQDA v. 2020. Results: After prolonged analysis of the data, the researchers extracted 644 codes, 13 subcategories, 4 categories, and 1 main theme. The main theme of the study was working in a context of occupational hazards. Conclusions: Operating rooms are full of potential dangers, which, when combined with the personnel's negligence and management inefficiencies, increase the risk of occupational health and safety. Therefore, making working conditions safe by providing adequate personal protective equipment (PPE), in-service training, and identifying and managing the causes of personnel negligence are recommended. Moreover, strategies should be introduced to manage stress and conflicts among the healthcare personnel, thus controlling psychological hazards.
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Hospital is health service institution that provides complete individual health services that provide inpatient, outpatient, and emergency services. In operatingservices the hospital is required to have permit. Permit is granted if it meets the requirements and standards to ensure the safety of patients, hospitals and health workers. The quality of hospital services is tested through the accreditation process,it could not be done during pandemic. Therefore, many policies have been issued, including the Circular of Health Minister No. HK.02.01/MENKES/455/2020 Year 2020. This circular facilitates the permitextension but does not givedetail abouthow to maintain the hospitalquality and services. During pandemic, the surge in Covid patients is not comparable to the hospitalscapabilities that are different such as in the human resources and the facilities and infrastructure. Many hospitals are full because they have to treat Corona Virus Disease 2019 patients, a lot of equipment, rooms and beds must be added, but the health workers that workare limited so that health workers have to work extra to serve patients that increase every day. This situation can cause physical and mental fatigue which over time has impact on health services so that negligence can occur. So hospitals need to make protection standards for health workers in addition to legal responsibility for losses caused by health workers according to article 46 of the Hospital Law.
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This essay will look at the key challenges public Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) faced in Brazil during the COVID-19 lockdown. The pandemic led universities to close their campuses and adopt an online interface for academic activities. However, many of these institutions do not have the technological infrastructure for such, nor did the staff and students who suffered further social exclusions. The president of Brazil referred to the pandemic as a "little flue" and later on responded to measures adopting the lockdown as a "hysteric" act that "will lead to an economic crash". Considering the lack of support from the government and the process of dismantling resources for public HE since the beginning of the new presidency elected in 2018, the COVID-19 lockdown quickly revealed the institutional racism, elitism and ableism evident in this administration's agenda. The consequence of the agenda is the cuts on research funds and lack of infrastructure to provide online classes, as examples of the severe policies that promote the erasure of marginalised groups. Such policies follow Sylvia Wynter's "Argument", revealing a code of symbolic life and death of how human order organises itself through the coloniality of power/being. In order to show how such symbolic code is engraved in the Brazilian educational system, this study explores narratives of staff and students from three universities per region of Brazil to identify how the colonial legacies are correlated with postulates of power in the Brazilian HEIs setting during the pandemic. The paper discusses the challenges experienced while keeping the HE sector active during a pandemic that the government has belittled. The conclusions advocate for organised strategies at the union and social movements level to dismantle the colonial occupation put in place in the foundation of the HEIs and reinforced by the current necropolitical administration.
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COVID 19 PANDEMIC has stricken in multiple waves, crippling the nation with each strike. Attempts at curbing its spread has been focused on a few established modes of transmission. Current literature evidence suggests possibility of Feco-oral transmission, detection of viable virus in stools of covid infected individuals, viral shedding several weeks post recovery and potential persistence of viable virus in sewage. Guidelines and protocols laid down have not included this potentially dangerous mode of spread. Many countries including Australia, Finland etc have utilized waste water epidemiology as a tool in surveillance. This can be used as a warning signal for early detection and control. This review article proposes the addition of new guidelines in this spectre to aid in curbing the spread of pandemic as well as adopting sewage surveillance as a tool in primary prevention.
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Vulnerable moments, panic, and uncertainties are the hallmarks of pandemic outbreaks. Medicolegal challenges add further injury to the public health chaos. Although containing the pandemic is of prime concern, medicolegal and ethical uncertainties further complicate ideal standards of medical care. Constraints in the provision of medical care, resource limitations, infectivity risks, burgeoning costs, and pandemic control laws, create extremely precarious medicolegal situations. Ethics and medical negligence laws may, at times, be trampled upon by the overwhelming urgencies of the pandemic. Hence, we attempt to review basic ethical and medicolegal principles that are put to test by pandemic urgencies. We aim to study these vulnerable medicolegal moments in neurosurgeons'/neurologists' clinical and research practices during the COVID-19 times from our own practice and contemporary literature on COVID practices, medicolegal sciences, and pandemic healthcare directives. We also review supportive measures and safeguards to brace these vulnerable moments effectively. We compile medicolegally sound and ideal practice parameters, including the basic principles for a restructured informed surgical consent ensuring a medicolegally and ethically sound practice. Several ethical and medicolegal exigencies are part of medical practice during a pandemic. Special care should be taken to avoid violations of medicolegal and ethical proprieties during the urgencies of medical care and research. Restructuring of contracts like the informed consent would also count as an ideal practice modification in a pandemic.
Subject(s)
Bioethics , COVID-19 , Neurologists , Neurosurgeons , Humans , Informed Consent , Malpractice , Pandemics/prevention & controlABSTRACT
By law, doctors and pharmacists may be held liable for professional misconduct. The pharmacist’s roles and responsibilities have been expanding in patient care, particularly in times of COVID-19 pandemic and now they may perform a diverse range of professional activities as attested by the newly adopted legislation, Minister of Health’s Order no. 2382/2021. However, pharmacist malpractice is different than medical malpractice because pharmacists’ responsibility is based on pharmacist professional standards and legal duties. Despite the existence of overlaps, there are differences between the doctors’ and the pharmacists’ professional duties. Our study identified ten main legal professional duties of pharmacists and provided examples of negligence. The results could be used as a tool for malpractice risk assessment and management. We also argue that the Romanian legal framework allows malpractice claims to be filed by both the patient and/or the doctors when shared accountability is involved and this increases the pharmacists’ risk of being sued. Moreover, the chief pharmacist is responsible for the pharmacy’s overall activity, including liability for tasks entrusted to subordinated personnel.
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Objective: Assessment of awareness about COVID-19 among medical personnel and general public. Study Description: It is a Cross-Sectional study carried out in R.Y.Khan from June 2020 to September 2020. Methodology: About 430 subjects (medical personnel and general public) were asked to fill a pre-designed questionnaire by using convenient sampling technique. The questionnaire included information regarding their bio-data and study questions. Then SPSS Version 21 was used for data analysis. Results: Our study shows that 90.5% study subjects think that they are well aware about COVID-19 while 9.5% subjects think that they aren’t. In response to question “Is it lethal?” 25.3% subjects replied Always, 67% said Sometimes and 7.7% said Never. 68.6% subjects said that it is Always transmissible, 15.8% said Sometimes and 15.6% said Never. Regarding modes of its spread, 76.5% subjects agreed to Cough, 67.9% to Handshake, 27.9% to Food-sharing, 35.6% to Room-sharing, 28.6% to Utensils-sharing, 21.2% to Fomites-sharing. 6.7% subjects said that its vaccine is Available, 72.1% replied as Not-Available and 21.2% said that they don’t know. 24.9% subjects said that its specific treatment is Available, 53.3% replied as Not-Available and 21.9% said that they don’t know. 71.9% subjects said that it is preventable by adopting specific preventive measures, 8.8% said it isn’t and 19.3% said that they don’t know. Regarding effectiveness of PPEs as preventive measures, 85.8% subjects agreed to Mask, 57.2% to Gown, 52.3% to Goggles, 45.6% to Head-cover, 35.1% to Shoe-cover, 55.8% to Gloves, 70.7% to Social-distancing, 58.4% to use of Hand-wash/Hand-Sanitizer. Conclusion: There is observed some lack of knowledge in different areas regarding COVID-19, almost equally, among medical personnel as well as among general public that results in spread of infection at exponential rates due to negligence of people including poor understanding and poor compliance to the preventive measures advised by health authorities worldwide.
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Background: India has seen three deadly waves of CORONA-19 pandemic. Due to following of infection control protocols by healthcare workers and wide spread vaccination drive, the disease curve seems to have stabilized now. However, it has also been observed that the over-all negligence has crept in amongst people regarding infection control protocols.Due to the physical adjacency to the patient's face and aerosols produced during routine dental treatment, probability of cross-infection in dentistry are more. Hence it is mandatory for the dental professionals to continue following the protocols without fail. In teaching institutions, interns and Post graduates have the maximum contact with the patients thus making them susceptible and vulnerable. So, this study was conducted to assess the awareness and current practices of COVID-19 related infection control protocol amongst the interns and Post graduate students of a teaching institute. Methodology: A pre-validated structured questionnaire was made available to the interns and postgraduate students of Dental Colleges & Hospitals in Pune using google docx. (documents). Results: 90% of respondents were aware of the Covid 19 infection control protocols. However, sPersonal protective equipment (PPE) is currently used by only 58% of respondents. Only 47% were able to maintain the same standards of Covid 19 related Infection Control measures as during Covid era. Conclusion: This study indicates that there is awareness & motivation regarding infection control measures in related to Covid 19 in dental interns & Post graduates, however;currently we are not maintaining Infection control protocols as before.
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Tort law has long served as a remedy for those injured by products-and injuries from artificial intelligence ("AI") are no exception. While many scholars have rightly contemplated the possible tort claims involving AI-driven technologies that cause injury, there has been little focus on the subsequent analysis of defenses. One of these defenses, assumption of risk, has been given particularly short shrift, with most scholars addressing it only in passing. This is intriguing, particularly because assumption of risk has the power to completely bar recovery for a plaintiff who knowingly and voluntarily engaged with a risk. In reality, such a defense may prove vital to shaping the likelihood of success for these prospective plaintiffs injured by AI, first-adopters who are often eager to "voluntarily" use the new technology but simultaneously often lacking in "knowledge" about AI's risks. To remedy this oversight in the scholarship, this Article tackles assumption of risk head-on, demonstrating why this defense may have much greater influence on the course of the burgeoning new field of "AI torts" than originally believed. It analyzes the historic application of assumption of risk to emerging technologies, extrapolating its potential use in the context of damages caused by robotic, autonomous, and facial recognition technologies. This Article then analyzes assumption of risk's relationship to informed consent, another key doctrine that revolves around appreciation of risks, demonstrating how an extension of informed consent principles to assumption of risk can establish a more nuanced approach for a future that is sure to involve an increasing number of AI-human interactions-and AI torts. In addition to these AI-human interactions, this Article's reevaluation also can help in other assumption of risk analyses and tort law generally to better address the evolving innovation-risk-consent trilemma.
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The atmospheric CO2 concentrations are mainly influenced by regional sinks/sources and atmospheric transport processes, thus observations in urban area contain essential information of anthropogenic CO2 emissions. To investigate the effect of COVID-19 on atmospheric CO2 concentration and its anthropogenic emissions, this study chose Nanchang city as the study area and used a priori emission inventory with WRF-STILT (Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport) atmospheric transport model to simulate hourly CO2 concentrations from January 24th to April 30th, 2020. In accordance with the government measures to control COVID-19 epidemic, the whole study period was divided into two periods of Level 1 period (from January 24th to March 11th) and Level 2 period (from March 12th to April 30th). Results indicate the model can well capture hourly variations of CO2 concentration, but it overestimated nighttime concentrations due to the negligence of emission source height. During Level 1 period, the observed and simulated afternoon (12:00-18:00) CO2 mole fractions were 433. 63×10-6 and 438. 22×10-6, respectively,in which the anthropogenic emissions were 21.9% overestimated by simulation compared with observations. While during Level 2 period, the observation and simulation were very close as 432. 06×10-6 and 432. 24 × 10-6. The above comparisons indicate that the CO2 emissions can be represented by a priori CO2 emission inventory in Level 2 period, but was overestimated by 21.9% in Level 1 period, and the discrepancy was mainly due to government measures to control COVID-19 pandemic during this period. Besides, the average biological NEE enhancements were generally lower than 2×10-6, indicating a small contribution compared with anthropogenic emissions. The higher PBLH (Planetary Boundary Layer Height) in Level 2 period also offset the enhancement in CO2 emissions, which was also the main reason for the close observations during two periods. Our findings can provide scientific method supports for greenhouse gas emission inversions at urban scale.